NEW YORK — The stock market extended its longest and deepest slump of the year Tuesday, caught between a recurring nightmare of European debt and the beginning of uncertain corporate earnings reports at home.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 213.66 points, its biggest decline of the year and third triple-digit loss in four days. It closed at 12,715.93, its lowest since Feb. 2.
A five-day losing streak has shaved about 550 points off the Dow, about half what it gained from January through March.
In Europe, concern about the financial health of Spain intensified, and borrowing costs for both Spain and Italy rose considerably. Spain’s borrowing costs crept closer to levels that forced other countries to seek bailouts.
European markets sold off while Wall Street was still sleeping. The main stock indexes in Spain and France closed down about 3 percent, the equivalent of a 400-point drop in the Dow.
“They’ve managed to put a Band-Aid on the debt crisis, but there’s really no solution,” said Colleen Supran, a principal at the investment adviser Bingham, Osborn &Scarborough. “And Spain is a much bigger problem than Greece.”
The yield on 10-year Spanish bonds rose to almost 6 percent. The point at which governments can no longer afford to raise money on the international bond markets and must seek bailouts is generally considered to be 7 percent.
The 7 percent level forced Greece, the last focal point of the European debt crisis, to seek rescue loans. But Spain’s economy is more than five times as large as Greece’s.
Jeffrey Cleveland, senior economist at Payden &Rygel in Los Angeles, compared the financial markets to a person coming off a sugar high — in this case, the bailout package for Greece put together late last year.
“It works for a few minutes, but eventually reality reasserts itself,” Cleveland said. “Nothing has been solved in Europe. People are paying attention to it now. They were able to ignore it for a little while.”
In the United States, stock in Alcoa, the aluminum company, surged 5.3 percent after the market closed. Minutes after the closing bell, the company reported profit of 9 cents per share. Analysts expected a loss of 4 cents.
Alcoa was the first of the 30 stocks in the Dow to report its quarterly results, and earnings will help determine whether the market continues its slide or reverses it.
After nine consecutive quarters of earnings growth, analysts think earnings will be flat this time. Those predictions came before Alcoa’s impressive results, however.
“Whatever qualifications you want to give it — it’s because of cost-cutting, they’ve laid off a lot of people — earnings have been one bright spot,” said Adrian Day, president of Adrian Day Asset Management in Annapolis, Md. “If that were to turn, that would be sort of the last leg on the stool being knocked away.”
The first three months of this year were the best for stocks since 1998, but investors have found plenty to fret about in April.
The losing streak began last Tuesday, when the Federal Reserve said it was worried about the strength of job growth and suggested it was not inclined to provide further help for the economy.
The Dow fell 204 points in three days. It fell 131 more on Monday, the first time investors could react to a report showing much weaker job growth in March than in the three previous months.
Then, on Tuesday, the National Federation of Independent Business reported a drop in its small-business optimism index, the first decline after six months of gains.
That report helped knock stocks down at the open, and with Europe to worry about, they sank all day. The S&P finished down 23.61 points, its worst one-day decline this year, at 1,358.59.
The Nasdaq composite index, which eked out a gain in one of the past four days, ended down 55.86 points, its worst performance this year, at 2,991.22. It closed below 3,000 for the first time in a month.
The Dow’s 8 percent gain through the first quarter has been shaved to 4 percent. The S&P’s gain of 12 percent has been cut to 8 percent. And the Nasdaq’s run of almost 20 percent is now just 15.
Last year, the Dow’s longest losing streak was an eight-day, 858-point plunge in July and August, with Congress bickering over the government debt limit and just before the S&P ratings agency downgraded the U.S.
On Tuesday, consumer discretionary stocks, which include travel companies, clothing stores and cable companies, fell 2.4 percent as group, the worst-performing segment of the market.
Financial stocks fell almost as much, and even utilities and health care stocks, which are more dependable in times of economic uncertainty, were down more than 1 percent each.
The worst-performing stock in the Dow was Bank of America, which tends to take a hit when concerns about Europe grow stronger. Bank of America was down 4.4 percent.
Trading was the most active since March 16, 4.6 billion shares.
One big factor in the sell-off is fear that growth is slowing in the world’s biggest economies. Recent economic reports from the United States and China have come in far below investors’ expectations.
The March jobs report showed a gain of 120,000, about half the monthly gain from December through February. And an earlier report on Americans’ incomes showed that when adjusted for inflation, they dipped slightly in February for the second straight month. Without more earnings, consumer spending will likely be constrained.
Investors are pricing in slower growth in the United States, said Neil Dutta, an economist at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. He predicts the S&P will end the year at about 1,400, only about 3 percent higher than where it finished Tuesday.
For now, he said, “the likelihood is that the sell-off is probably not done.”
The low expectations for earnings could be a blessing in disguise, though. Companies may have an easier time beating them, which can drive up their stock price, at least temporarily.
“CEOs have done a very good job of setting expectations low,” said JJ Kinahan, chief derivatives strategist for TD Ameritrade in Chicago.
Analysts have also worried that high gasoline prices could hurt the economic recovery. The price of oil fell almost to $101 a barrel Tuesday, but that was because traders are betting that a weak U.S. economy will keep demand low.
Oil was about $75 in October. The buildup has been partly because of tension over Iran’s nuclear program and the oil embargos that have ensued. It nearly hit $110 last month.
Iran, which has already cut off oil shipments to France and Britain, declared Tuesday that it would extend the embargo to Greece, a pre-emptive strike against European countries that planned to stop buying from Iran. Talks on Iran’s nuclear program are scheduled for Saturday.
On Tuesday, the dollar and U.S. Treasury prices rose as investors shifted money into lower-risk investments. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note fell for the fifth straight day, dropping to 1.99 percent from 2.04 percent Monday.
Among stocks making big moves:
— Supervalu Inc., the grocery chain that owns Albertsons and Jewel-Osco, climbed 15 percent. The company reported a quarterly loss but outlined turnaround plans that include closing stores and slashing jobs.
— Best Buy fell almost 6 percent after announcing that its chief executive had resigned without a permanent successor. The electronics giant is struggling for market share in a retail world that’s been shaken up by online companies like Amazon.
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Associated Press
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