WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has chosen Elisse Walter, one of five members of the Securities and Exchange Commission, to head the agency. Chairman Mary Schapiro will leave next month after a tumultuous tenure in which she helped lead the government’s regulatory response to the financial crisis.
Walter will take over at a critical time for the SEC, which is finalizing new rules in response to the 2008 crisis. She can serve through 2013 without Senate approval because she’s already been confirmed to the commission.
Obama will need to nominate a permanent successor before Walter’s term ends in December 2013. News reports have suggested that Mary John Miller, a top Treasury Department official, might be a potential candidate.
Walter, 62, a Democrat, was appointed to the SEC in 2008 by President George W. Bush. Earlier, she was a senior official at the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the securities industry’s self-policing organization. She served under Schapiro at FINRA, who led that group before becoming SEC chairman in January 2009.
“I’m confident that Elisse’s years of experience will serve her well in her new position,” Obama said in a statement.
Walter is likely to follow the path Schapiro established at the SEC, experts suggested.
At FINRA, Walter was Schapiro’s “right-hand person,” said James Cox, a Duke University law professor and expert on securities law. And as an SEC commissioner, Walter consistently voted with Schapiro on rule makings and other initiatives.
Cox said he wasn’t surprised that both of Obama’s choices to lead the SEC have come from an industry self-regulatory organization.
The Obama administration “is not an eager regulator of the securities markets,” he said.
Still, Schapiro’s challenges have probably been the most difficult any SEC chairman has faced, said John Coffee, a professor of securities law at Columbia University.
Schapiro took office after the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme and the financial crisis had eroded public and congressional confidence in the SEC. Since then, the agency has struggled with budgetary shortfalls.
“The Madoff scandal made Congress reluctant to fully fund the agency,” Coffee said.
Coffee said he thought Walter’s leadership of the SEC would closely resemble Schapiro’s.
Schapiro “has to be commended for working incredibly hard and against high odds” to maintain the agency’s budget, Coffee added. Still, the agency is “underfunded and overworked, and that’s not about to change.”
Schapiro will leave the SEC on Dec. 14. She was appointed by Obama in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. She also took over after the agency failed to detect the Madoff scheme.
Schapiro, 57, is credited with helping reshape the SEC after it was accused of failing to detect reckless investments by many of Wall Street’s largest financial institutions before the crisis. And she led an agency that brought civil charges against the nation’s largest banks.
In a statement Monday, Obama said, “The SEC is stronger and our financial system is safer and better able to serve the American people — thanks in large part to Mary’s hard work.”
But critics argued that Schapiro failed to act aggressively to charge leading individuals at those banks who may have contributed to the crisis. Consumer advocates questioned Schapiro’s appointment because she had led FINRA.
Under Schapiro, the SEC reached its largest settlement ever with a financial institution. Goldman Sachs &Co. agreed in July 2010 to pay $550 million to settle civil fraud charges that it misled investors about mortgage securities before the housing market collapsed in 2007. Similar settlements followed with Citigroup Inc., JPMorgan Chase &Co. and others.
The Goldman case came to symbolize a lingering critique of Schapiro’s tenure: No senior executives were singled out. The penalty amounted to roughly two weeks of earnings at Goldman. And Goldman was allowed to settle the charges without admitting or denying any wrongdoing, as were other large banks that faced similar charges.
Among the leading critics was U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff, who questioned how the SEC could allow an institution to settle serious securities fraud without any admission or denial of guilt. Rakoff later threw out a $285 million deal with Citigroup because of that aspect of the deal.
Lawmakers and experts say Schapiro made the SEC more efficient, and they note that she fought for increased funding needed to enforce new rules enacted after the crisis. She often clashed with Republican lawmakers who had opposed the 2010 financial overhaul law and wanted to cut the SEC’s budget.
Schapiro also faced criticism over a key decision she made in response to the Madoff scandal. Madoff had been arrested a month before Schapiro took over at the SEC in January 2009.
Schapiro allowed her general counsel at the time, David Becker, to help craft the SEC’s policy for compensating victims. It was later discovered that Becker had inherited money his mother had made as a Madoff investor. Schapiro acknowledged in 2011 that she was wrong to have allowed Becker to play a key role in setting the policy.
The SEC’s inspector general concluded in a report that Becker participated “personally and substantially” in an issue in which he had had a financial interest. Some lawmakers complained that the affair further eroded the public’s trust in the SEC.
Cox, the Duke professor, said that after a strong first two years, the SEC under Schapiro became less effective.
“The wind was really taken out of (Schapiro’s) sails” by the political fallout from the Becker episode, Cox said. “I don’t think she really got her legs back under her after that.”
For example, Cox said Schapiro should have fought harder against legislation enacted in March that makes it easier for small start-ups to raise capital without having to comply immediately with SEC reporting rules.
Critics say the law went too far in removing SEC oversight, and might open the door to corporate scandals or to the sorts of deceptions that contributed to the financial crisis.
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