NEW YORK — U.S. health officials Tuesday laid out worst-case and best-case scenarios for the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, warning that the number of infected people could explode to at least 1.4 million by mid-January— or the outbreak could be almost over by then, if control efforts are ramped up.
The widely varying projections by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were based on conditions in late August and do not take into account a recent international surge in medical aid for the stricken region. That burst has given health authorities reason for some optimism.
“I’m confident the most dire projections are not going to come to pass,” CDC chief Dr. Tom Frieden said in releasing the report.
About 5,800 illnesses and over 2,800 deaths have been counted since the first cases were reported six months ago. But international health authorities have warned that the crisis is probably far worse in reality, with many corpses and infected people hidden or unreported.
The CDC, for example, estimated that the real number of cases, reported and unreported, could reach 21,000 by Sept. 30 in just two of the hardest-hit countries, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
In its worst-case scenario, the CDC said the number of illnesses in those nations could hit 1.4 million by Jan. 20.
But the CDC also said that the epidemic in both countries could be almost ended by Jan. 20, by aggressively isolating the sick, either in hospitals or at home, and by taking steps to reduce the spread of the disease during burials.
“A surge now can break the back of the epidemic,” Frieden said.
The World Health Organization released its own estimates Tuesday, also warning that cases could soar dramatically. The U.N. agency, whose estimates were published online by the New England Journal of Medicine, said 21,000 people could be infected in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone by early November.
WHO said the death rate has been about 70 percent among hospitalized patients.
Guessing the epidemic’s path — especially long-term — is difficult, experts said.
“This is a bit like weather forecasting. We can do it a few days in advance, but looking a few weeks or months ahead is very difficult,” said Christopher Dye, WHO director of strategy and co-author of the organization’s study. He added: “We’re beginning to see some signs in the response that gives us hope this increase in cases won’t happen.”
Last week, the U.S. announced it would build more than a dozen medical centers in Liberia and send 3,000 troops. Britain and France have also pledged to build treatment centers in Sierra Leone and Guinea, and the World Bank and UNICEF have sent more than $1 million worth of supplies to the region.
Sierra Leone on Sunday completed a three-day lockdown in what was believed to be the most dramatic disease-control measure taken since the plague was ravaging Europe in the Middle Ages. The nation’s president said it was so successful that a second one is being considered.
In an indication that the crisis is worse than the official numbers suggest, health teams that went door-to-door in Sierra Leone identified 130 confirmed cases of Ebola and 70 suspected cases. In addition, 92 bodies were found, though it was not clear how many had Ebola.
The CDC’s worst-case numbers seem “somewhat pessimistic” and flawed for not accounting for the infection-control efforts already underway, said Dr. Richard Wenzel, a Virginia Commonwealth University scientist who formerly led the International Society for Infectious Diseases.
Another outside expert questioned WHO’s projections and said Ebola’s spread would ultimately be slowed not only by containment measures but by changes in people’s behavior.
“Ebola outbreaks usually end when people stop touching the sick,” said Dr. Armand Sprecher, an infectious-disease specialist at Doctors Without Borders.
Local health officials have launched campaigns to educate people about Ebola’s symptoms and to warn them not to touch the sick or the dead.
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