MEULABOH, Indonesia — It is a little past noon on a Friday, time for Anshari and his troops to spring into action.
Their first stop is outside the gates of Meulaboh’s central mosque, where fruit and vegetable hawkers display their wares. The announcement comes that it’s time for midday prayers, and Anshari’s team, part of the sharia (Islamic law) police, hovers over the street vendors to ensure that they shut down during the minutes of religious observation.
“You should cover that,” snaps one officer, pointing to a cart full of mangoes. The merchant quietly obeys.
Later in the afternoon, Anshari’s uniformed squad will fan out to coastal spots and other areas where unmarried or unrelated couples may be trying to steal a moment alone. And they’ll be on the lookout for women wearing tight clothing, or anyone drinking alcohol or gambling — all offenses under sharia that could result in public caning.
About 8:30 a.m. on Dec. 26, 2004, a tsunami welled up from the Indian Ocean and struck Aceh province, which includes Meulaboh. More than 230,000 people in Southeast Asia were killed. In this corner of Indonesia, one result has been a stricter adherence to Islamic law.
Backlash against Western values?
Some see it as partly a backlash against the influx of foreign aid workers, who helped build roads and hospitals, but also brought Western values. At the same time, some of Aceh’s Muslim leaders regarded the disaster as punishment for wayward living, and began calling for a greater focus on virtue and piety.
Aceh province is known as the “terrace of Mecca” because it’s thought to be where Islam first spread to Southeast Asia, carried from the northernmost point on the island of Sumatra.
It’s the only province in Indonesia — a nation that has the world’s largest Muslim population but has a reputation for religious tolerance — where implementation of sharia is officially authorized. The arrangement is the result of a 1999 national law that gave Aceh “special status” aimed at ending a separatist war there.
The tsunami helped end that 30-year conflict by uniting Aceh residents in a common cause, putting the region under international scrutiny and wiping out vast numbers of fighters.
Red paint on pants
Meulaboh, the capital of West Aceh district, has one of the strictest regimens for enforcing sharia. Public dress restrictions go beyond the requirement that women wear head scarfs. In December, clerics in West Aceh went around spraying red paint on women’s pants that were deemed too tight. Other locales in Aceh have banned women from dancing or riding a motorbike in a straddled position.
Human Rights Watch blames sharia regulations for the closing of at least 17 Christian churches in the past decade, and the suppression of other minorities in Aceh, a province of almost 5 million people, nearly 98 percent of whom are Muslim.
Indonesia’s new president, Joko Widodo, has promoted pluralism and religious tolerance. Residents of Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, last month inaugurated an ethnic Chinese Christian as governor.
Leading experts think what’s been happening in Aceh in recent years is largely isolated and inward-focused. It’s unconnected to broader Islamic movements that have political goals directed against the state or the West, said Edward Aspinall, an Australian National University scholar and author of “Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia.”
Religion is personal
Many people in Jakarta tend to view religion as a personal matter, not something the state should be involved in.
“I don’t think sharia should be implemented here because Jakarta has many different people from other backgrounds,” said Enung Rustawijaya, a 51-year-old Muslim who works as a chauffeur.
Still, analysts voice reasons for concern. In recent years the level of religious intolerance has been rising and the national government has failed to respond, they say. Whether overzealous sharia police or clerics with spray cans, advocates of more rigid sharia enforcement have gotten little pushback from authorities or the public in Aceh.
Although only Aceh has the legal right to impose sharia, several dozen districts in other provinces have drafted bylaws derived from sharia with varying degrees of enforcement, according to Gregory Fealy, an Indonesia specialist at Australian National University.
“Aceh has become somewhat of a model of what sharia law looks like,” Fealy said. “It’s had this kind of inspirational effect on hard-line Islamists.”
Non-muslims, too?
Of added concern to some are recently passed provisions in Aceh that seem to extend the Islamic code of conduct to non-Muslims. Syahrizal Abbas, head of Aceh’s sharia office in Banda Aceh, the provincial capital, insists that non-Muslims and foreigners have nothing to fear. Those outside the faith, he said, can elect to follow sharia and its legal system or abide by Indonesia’s national laws.
“The governor and I guarantee that sharia will not be applied to non-Muslims in Aceh,” he said.
But in practice, it isn’t so straightforward. National regulations aren’t so specific on what’s acceptable clothing or about khalwat, the Islamic “seclusion” code that prohibits unmarried couples from being together in an isolated place. Requirements that women wear head scarves in government offices or market places don’t distinguish between Muslims and non-Muslims.
Raids and punishment
During the monthlong fasting period of Ramadan, non-Muslim business owners in towns like Meulaboh have little choice but to close until mid-afternoon under the threat of raids and punishment.
The most aggressive application of sharia is in rural areas, but even cities such as Banda Aceh have taken strict measures. No permits for movies have been granted since the last movie theater was closed about the time of the tsunami. This year, authorities closed the dancing club in the lower level of the Hermes Palace Hotel, a four-star hotel where many foreign visitors stay. Hotel workers believe it was because dancers wore provocative clothing.
The hotel restaurant’s menu has no alcohol listed. But, as in other places around Aceh, drinking takes place furtively.
During Friday prayer times in Meulaboh, KFC operators lower the shades and close their front doors, but the side entrance remains open and a few customers go in.
Throughout Aceh, the reaction to sharia appears generally favorable, even among young people. “It’s actually a good thing,” said Ussuwaful Hasanah, 23, who manages a furniture store in Banda Aceh. “It means people should represent why we are living in the terrace of Mecca.”
Along the rocky banks of an estuary, 21-year-old Andhika sat shoulder-to-shoulder with his 19-year-old female companion. He said a local youth guard, unrelated to the sharia police, came around to ask him about his relationship with the woman. He told them they were engaged. “If I weren’t engaged to her, I wouldn’t dare come here,” he said.
In Meulaboh, government officials argue that people outside Aceh have a distorted view of sharia enforcement. West Aceh’s sharia force, though up to 83 today from a dozen in 2005, is still just a fraction of the 700-plus regular police, sais Jopi Saputra, a West Aceh government spokesman. He noted that West Aceh hasn’t caned anyone since 2012.
Regular canings
Canings throughout the province, however, have been fairly regular, usually carried out with rattan sticks while the person charged is fully clothed.
Nongovernmental agencies in Indonesia say such practices aren’t good for Aceh’s image or ability to attract investment, something badly needed in the province.
Alaidinsyah, West Aceh’s regent and top official, makes no apologies for the way sharia is enforced. He said it’s misunderstood by outsiders.
“They see sharia as something that is scary,” he said. “But the main focus, the real meaning of it is to make people understand how to live a good life, to do good things.”
Talk to us
> Give us your news tips.
> Send us a letter to the editor.
> More Herald contact information.
